Pursue a deeper knowledge of God through self-paced college- and seminary-level online courses in Old and New Testament studies, theology, biblical Greek, and more. Those who have rejected Pauline authorship are divided as to who did write Hebrews. In truth, only God knows!” (Hist. Please check errors and resubmit. The soteriology of Hebrews is quite consistent with Paul’s own teaching. The author of Hebrews writes, “After it was at the first spoken through the Lord, it was confirmed to us by those who heard, 4 God also testifying with them, both by signs and wonders and by various miracles and by gifts of the Holy Spirit according to His own will” (Heb. The Author . If you have any questions, please review our. It has been shown that when Origen speaks of who wrote the epistle he was referring to the author, not merely the secretary. Hope Bolinger is an editor at Crosswalk.com, literary agent at C.Y.L.E., and a graduate of Taylor University's professional writing program. 2 Throughout this article masculine pronouns designate the author of Hebrews, for I am convinced that a man wrote the document. People believed and taught that Paul was the author of Hebrews for centuries, despite reservations which explain why it is placed at the end of the rest of Paul’s letters. Article Images Copyright © 2021 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated. This brings us to our next question: If we do not know the author, how can we trust the text? The style of the book is sometimes like his style, but sometimes it seems different. eccl. However that knowledge is lost and is now thought of as unattainable. Although Harnack’s idea generated much discussion in its day, the author refers to himself in Hebrews 11:32, using a masculine participle in the Greek original, and there is no manuscript evidence for a feminine variant reading. Shabbat Shalom, I humbly submit for review consideration testing and sharpening. Besides the author of this Epistle had a desire and purpose to go to the Hebrews (Heb. Eusebius believed that Paul was the author of Hebrews but acknowledged that this opinion was not universal. In short, not exactly. Martin Luther believed Apollos was the author. Rome) was much less willing to accept Pauline authorship. Get updates from Zondervan Academic directly in your inbox. “God also testified to it by signs, wonders and various miracles, and by gifts of the Holy Spirit distributed according to his will.”, 1 Corinthians 12:11 i don't doubt that the author of hebrews believed that, but he was wrong.

when i was a yound man there was a piece or writing that was very popular. The author of the letter to the Hebrews does not give his name, so a number of names have been offered throughout the years. Donald Guthrie’s commentary The Letter to the Hebrews (1983) mentions Priscilla by name as a suggested author. She was the teacher of Apollos and was married to Aquila and traditionally listed among the Seventy Disciples (see Luke 10:1), and also thought to have been the first example of a female preacher. It seems unlikely that Paul here in 2:3 would refer to himself as simply someone who received the gospel from those who had heard the Lord. Alexandria) as a whole believed that Paul was the author, while the West (i.e. 3.38.2). I have always believed the apostle Paul wrote Hebrews, but some question him being the writer. Luther himself believed that Paul wrote Hebrews, but also suggested that Apollos could have been the author. In the same way, the author tries to use concrete comparisons from the text they would’ve known best, the Old Testament. Dr. Karen H. Jobes. However, not all in the East were in agreement. Coming from an evangelical perspective, Jobes addresses issues of historical relevance as well as how these books connect with Christian faith and practice today. Eusebius, the great historian of the church, recognizes that the letter Clement wrote from Rome to the Corinthian church in the late first century contained many allusions to and quotations from Hebrews and notes that on that basis some believed that Clement himself was the translator or author of Hebrews (Hist. Here the author writes to illustrate what this means to the readers. Proud member In short, the author most likely had some connection with Paul, whether it was Paul himself or one of his friends who had heard a number of his sermons and read his writings. In fact, Hebrews is the only New Testament writing to expound on Jesus as the Great High Priest and final sacrifice. Second, both Clement of Alexandria (c. AD 150 – 215) and Origen (AD 185 – 253) claimed a Pauline association for the book but recognized that Paul himself probably did not put pen to paper for this book, even though they did not know the author’s name. In fact, in the KJV, you’ll find the title translated as it was found in some manuscripts: “The Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Hebrews.” The tradition of Pauline authorship continued. In Titus 3:13 Paul mentions Apollos Secondly, regardless of who wrote it or spoke it, an unbelieving Jew wanted nothing to do with God’s Word. The author had knowledge of the Jewish system leading many to think that the author was Jewish. However, the book also seems to miss some of the hallmarks of this author that we see in other books. Please enter your email address associated with your Salem All-Pass account, then click Continue. The author of Hebrews believed that he was living in the "last days." Some believe Paul to be the author, who wrote at least thirteen books in the New Testament and others attribute the book to Priscilla, a friend of Paul’s who accompanied him during part of his ministry. It is also assumed that the author of Hebrews was very much influenced by Greek culture because of his constant citations from the Septuagint. So I don't think there is much of a case the Paul wrote it, but when I read the beginning of Hebrews, it … eccl. (Q) According to Hebrews 8:4, does the author of the Epistle to the Hebrews believe that Jesus was never on Earth? . An even more persuasive argument that the apostle Paul was not the author of Hebrews is the way the author alludes to himself in Hebrews 2:3, stating that the gospel was confirmed “to us” by those who heard the Lord announce salvation. eccl. Clearly, like Paul, the author knew his Bible well, and he was a good teacher. Books and articles that equip you for deeply biblical thinking and ministry. Because the Jewish audience would have had a rich understanding of Old Testament history, the main purpose of Hebrews is to show how Christ fulfilled prophecies set forth in the Old Testament and to prove the sufficiency of Jesus Christ as Savior and Lord. He was from Alexandria and traveled in the Apostle Paul’s orbit (Acts 18:24). Some may read the book of Hebrews with some skepticism. This article will also discuss the context of Hebrews, and why the church decided to include the book in the Scriptural canon, even with the author being an unknown factor. While we wait for Warren to complete writing his commentary on the next passage, it might interest you that the author of the letter to the Hebrews will remain a mystery. 6 Hence, the notion that Origen believed Paul was the author fails to persuade. For instance, when Paul talks to a Greek audience, he quotes their philosophers back to them (Acts 17:22-28). Many of the thoughts of Hebrews are similar to those found in Paul’s writings: Hebrews 1:3 Furthermore, it is doubtful that Timothy had any connection to Alexandria, though that connection may not be necessary. This seems to be a description of the Book of Hebrews. In spite of all this evidence for Pauline authorship, few New Testament scholars today believe Paul wrote it. And so if you were ever asked about the authorship of Hebrews, the correct answer is well expressed by the church father Origen (AD 185? Therefore, as this article from Got Questions conjectures, we can hazard that the author wrote the book in the 60s AD. In the Letters to the Church course, respected New Testament scholar Karen Jobes introduces the cultural and theological background of Hebrews and the general epistles. Apollos? Apollos, Paul, Priscilla, Luke, Barnanabas, and anyone else to whom scholars attribute authorship of this book would have been apostles. (Didn't the author know about confession or the finality of being saved?) He was a highly educated Alexandrian who would have been schooled in the literary style exemplified by Hebrews. H. E., VI, 25, 14. Jesus is God. “All these are the work of one and the same Spirit, and he distributes them to each one, just as he determines.”, Hebrews 2:14( – 17) As noted above, the stylistic differences influenced Origen, Clement’s student, to such a degree that he finally concluded: “Who wrote the epistle only God knows. A. But Jesus became a man. Barnabas? As noted above, the stylistic differences influenced Origen, Clement’s student, to such a degree that he finally concluded: “Who wrote the epistle only God knows. Origen knew through tradition or hearsay that some thought Luke was the author of Hebrews, and that others believed Clement of Rome wrote it. The book of Jude itself tells us that it was written by “Jude, slave of Jesus the Anointed One, and brother of James.” In the first few centuries, the book was grouped together with Paul’s 13 NT letters. Some people think that Paul wrote Hebrews. Alexandria) as a whole believed that Paul was the author, while the West (i.e. Over them, the author of Hebrews had. Many people have thought that he was Paul. – 220?) By ‘Jewish’, we mean that his family came from the families of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. Pauline letters are ordered from longest to shortest, and Hebrews suddenly “pops up,” because scholars have never quite known for sure. According to James 1:1, the letter is written by James himself. The author brings us through history. And her inspirational adult romance Picture Imperfect releases in October of 2021. Paul? By submitting your email address, you understand that you will receive email communications from HarperCollins Christian Publishing (501 Nelson Place, Nashville, TN 37214 USA) providing information about products and services of HCCP and its affiliates. She is also the co-author of the Dear Hero duology, which was published by INtense Publications. 1:12; 3:4 – 6, 22; 4:6; 16:12). It is possible that his name is completely unknown to Christians today. “Since the children have flesh and blood, he too shared in their humanity so that by his death he might break the power of him who holds the power of death. The association of Barnabas with the book of Hebrews may be because he was described as a “son of encouragement” (Acts 4:36), and Hebrews 13:22 describes the letter as a word of encouragement (or exhortation). But, as I have said, there was a human author. Cf. 13:22). he's writing to writes to the Hebrews and gives them instruction about who has rule. While many accredit the section to Paul, others give credit to a woman name Priscilla that is mention throughout the New Testament. In the first few centuries, the book was grouped together with Paul’s 13 NT letters. Some early Church fathers believed the author to be St. Paul. Every skeptic and nonbeliever has "an evil heart of unbelief." P.N. . The Epistle to the Hebrews of the Christian Bible is one of the New Testament books whose canonicity was disputed. Dear Floyd, Yes, we believe Paul wrote Hebrews and enclose the following research to show why. ... As for Rahab's personal qualities, she not only believed in God but had spiritual discernment to perceive divine leading regarding the Israelite mission. The internal evidence presented by the book of Hebrews itself indicates an author other than Paul. Philippians 2:7 – 8 You may unsubscribe from these email communications at any time. The Book Of Hebrews Author: Unknown; The East (i.e. Moreover, Barnabas is referred to as an “apostle” (Acts 14:14) and, being a Levite (Acts 4:36), would have had the interest in and knowledge about the priesthood that forms such a dominant theme in Hebrews. 1:1; Gal 1:1; Eph. (Check out more comparisons on Bible Study Tools here.). Hebrews and Revelation never claimed to have been written by Paul and the apostle John respectively. Copyright © 2020 HarperCollins Publishers. One twentieth-century scholar named William Manson suggested that Christians who were of the same mind as Stephen brought the Christian message to Alexandria, noting several elements common to Stephen’s speech in Acts 7 that are also shared by the book of Hebrews. Hebrews was likely written prior to 70 AD, when the Romans sacked Jerusalem and laid waste to their sacrificial systems. Because of this, a possible author is Apollos, a native of Alexandria, according to Acts 18:24.. Why Apollos might have been the author of Hebrews. Here the author explains that he is a second generation believer—not an eyewitness of Jesus. “Being made in human likeness. Apollos was “mighty in the Scriptures” and he “refuted the Jews in public, demonstrating by the Scriptures that Jesus was the Christ” (Acts 18:24-28). But it is possible—even likely—that because of some of the parallels with Paul’s epistles, we know the following things about the author: Christianity reached Alexandria at a very early date. Hebrews seeks to show them how Christ fulfilled the law, and that under the New Covenant they would no longer need to practice circumcision or sacrifices. The King James Version assumes Pauline authorship. Although we may not know who wrote the book, those who received it would have. It is thought that at one point the author had been recognized and revered by its audience. While many accredit the section to Paul, others give credit to a woman name Priscilla that is mention throughout the New Testament. There is a consensus that the “brother of James” identifies the author... Get expert commentary on biblical languages, fresh explorations in theology, hand-picked book excerpts, author videos, and info on limited-time sales. Second, that leaves us with a close companion of Paul who accompanied him on his journeys, Luke. Black’s interpretation of Origen should be rejected. . Your form could not be submitted. Priscilla also did spend a great deal of time with Paul and his companions on their missionary journeys. 1:1). Because of this, a possible author is Apollos, a native of Alexandria, according to Acts 18:24. Although entire books have been written on the subject, this article will briefly touch on some of the criteria they used to determine if Hebrews fit, as well as how other books such as the Shepherd of Hermas did not make the cut. For these reasons, Apollos of Alexandria has been a leading contender for the authorship of Hebrews at least as far back as the great Protestant Reformer, Martin Luther, but he has not been the only contender. Church history until the past few centuries had attributed the authorship to him as well. Apollos was a great defender of the Christian faith, vigorously refuting the opposing Jews in public debate and proving from the Old Testament that Jesus was the Messiah (Acts 18:28). Finally, does the book speak the truth? Although we may not know who wrote the Book of Hebrews, we do know that it belongs in the Scriptural canon. The apostle Paul always made the point that, even though he wasn’t one of the twelve original disciples who walked with Jesus during his earthly life, he was nonetheless an apostle of Jesus Christ, and usually identifies himself as such in his letters. What evidence have you that it was Paul who wrote Hebrews, the way he starts and ends some believe is not Paul's way of writing. Hebrews as an Epistle Hebrews is believed to have been written in the second half of the first century, most probably between AD 60 and AD 70.5 This was a time in which the Hellenistic culture was still widespread in the Roman Empire. In any case, the church believed that the contents of the book spoke for themse… The reason why the Council of Nicea had to be called in the first place was because false authors had written under pseudonyms to try and seep ideas of something known as gnosticism in the church. The author of Hebrews speaks of the faith of these two women, a faith which enabled these miraculous events to take place. The author was likely a close associate of Paul, The author was able to write in a rhetorically ornate Greek style, The author had become a Christian out of Judaism. (Romans, I and II Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, I and II Thessalonians, I and II Timothy, Titus and Philemon). Instructor: 1:2, 9:26, 10.25, 10:37. How did the author of Hebrews affirm the continuing validity of the old covenant for his readers? First, in the earliest manuscript editions of the New Testament books, Hebrews is included after Romans among the books written by the apostle Paul. Since the time of Origen (185 - 256 AD.) If this is the case, she would be the only female author to contribute to Scripture. Apostates will burn in hell with the other non-believers. Both John Calvin and Martin Luther shared this judgment as far as the sixteenth century. Its audience members would have known the original author, a companion of Paul or Paul, and they would have found hope in its truthful words, numerous examples from the Old Testament, and list of heroes of the faith. The Book of Hebrews is an important book that teaches many lessons about the Bible. . This was taken as evidence that Paul had written it, and some Eastern churches accepted Hebrews as canonical earlier than in the West. Those who have rejected Pauline authorship are divided as to who did write Hebrews. Here the author writes to illustrate what this means to the readers. Timothy? Hebrews, as one may guess from the title, is written to the Hebrews, particularly Jewish people who had converted to Christianity during the first century, prior to the fall of Jerusalem in 70 AD. In other words, the rejection of Pauline authorship of Hebrews is a long-standing position in the church. And let us run with perseverance the race marked out for us.”. The style of Hebrews, except in the closing verses (13:18 – 25), is quite unlike any other writing of Paul’s that has survived. Cyril condemns the monk's teaching as a heresy, which the author attributes to Carpocrates, Satornilus, and Ebionites. 3:12. Luther himself believed that Paul wrote Hebrews, but also suggested that Apollos could have been the author. After all, the Hall of Faith featured in Hebrews 11 features three women, something a male writer may overlook. It seems very likely that the author was a Jewish Christian. No other book so eloquently defines Christ as high priest of Christianity, superior to the Aaronic priesthood, and the fulfillment of the Law and the Prophets. a. Simon Vibert – Wycliffe Hall, Oxford University (06:40) b. Carol Kaminski – Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary (07:20) c. Dennis E. Johnson – Westminster Seminary California (08:35) d. Sean McDonough – Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary (10:10) 3. While we can’t say for certain who the true author is, we can deduct from the different style of writing that Paul probably wasn’t the true author. 5. 3.3.5; 6.20.3). We can present a few possible authors that scholars have suggested throughout all of church history. [28] Believing the author to have been Priscilla , Ruth Hoppin posits that the name was omitted either to suppress its female authorship, or to protect the letter itself from suppression. scholars have sought to identify the author of Hebrews. Paul knew Apollos personally, and encouraged him in his ministry (1 Cor. However, not all in the East were in agreement. This article from Biblical Training digs into this question. The book survived the test of time because the apostles, who had not perished or been martyred yet, approved of its authority and made copies to send throughout the churches. Hebrews is probably therefore a written homily, to which the author gave an epistolary ending (Heb 13:22–25). 6:8. All rights reserved. 1:2, 9:26, 10.25, 10:37. “The Son is the image of the invisible God. Today, we can still find hope in these verses written two thousand years ago. All Rights Reserved. 20). of The Author of Hebrews While the Book of Hebrews does not reveal its author, it is safe to say with “a great deal of certainty that it was a man who belonged to Hellenistic or Greek-speaking Christianity.”9 Besides that, the Book of Hebrews has been attributed to many authors; some think it was Paul or even 4 Priscilla while other people think it was either Apollos or Barnabas. The Book of Hebrews is one of the disputed books of the Bible when it comes to authorship. Plus, you’ll get occasional updates about new courses, free videos, and other valuable resources. Yet, as we saw in yesterday’s post, the author of Hebrews is making a case for his audience that true faith is the foundation of our hope and it requires us to trust that which we cannot see. Though we cannot be absolutely sure who the writer was, the letter does give a few hints that help us identify certain characteristics about him. 1:1; and 2 Tim. First, although we do not have the list of criteria used at the Council of Nicea, there would have been works that the early church would have deemed “apostolic” or having the authority of an Apostle. The most persuasive argument against Pauline authorship. During the start of the early church, a number of the Jewish converts tried to convince the Gentile converts of Christianity that they needed to be circumcised (Ephesians 2:11). The Author of Hebrews While the Book of Hebrews does not reveal its author, it is safe to say with “a great deal of certainty that it was a man who belonged to Hellenistic or Greek-speaking Christianity.”9 Besides that, the Book of Hebrews has been attributed to many authors; some think it was Paul or even 4 Priscilla while other people think it was either Apollos or Barnabas. The Book of Hebrews teaches that Jesus was not an angel (a servant of God from heaven) (Hebrews 1). However, since the third century this has been questioned, and the consensus among most modern scholars is that the author is unknown. – 254? The author of Hebrews wrote to exhort his audience to reject local Jewish teachings and to remain faithful to Jesus. Paul emphasizes the certainty of salvation in Romans 8:28-39, yet in Hebrews 6 and Hebrews 10, the author clearly states that it is impossible to be brought back to repentance. 3.38.2). In any case, the church believed that the contents of the book spoke for themselves and bore the mark of divine inspiration and so included Hebrews in the canon of sacred books. If not Paul, then who are the other possible authors? We'll send you an email with steps on how to reset your password. So, when Jews converted to Christianity, they still had ideas ingrained into their minds from the Old Covenant, such as circumcisions. First, he states that the ancients who were commended, received this commendation because they had true faith. Although many scholars have debated the authorship of various books of the Bible, Hebrews is the only one that does not have a majority rule as to who wrote it. mentioned that Barnabas, Paul’s traveling companion on his first mission to the Gentiles, authored Hebrews (Pud. Several theories regarding the author’s identity have been proposed over the centuries, but all of them carry significant obstacles. 16:12). 2:3-4). Apostates will burn in hell with the other non-believers. The enormously influential King James Bible took its cue from this tradition. Although perhaps Paul had written the book, perhaps someone who had followed him closely in ministry, and heard his sermons and the examples he used compiled this book. There are a few reasons why the author may have written to a Jewish audience in these terms. David Alan Black, however, argues Origen believed Paul was the author but someone else was the penman. Clement? and in him all things hold together.”, Hebrews 2:4 While we wait for Warren to complete writing his commentary on the next passage, it might interest you that the author of the letter to the Hebrews will remain a mystery. We trust they made the right decision to put Hebrews, but he living. Himself believed that Paul had written it, an unbelieving Jew wanted nothing to do with God ’ s associates! Connection to Alexandria, according to Acts 18:24 ) a good teacher a the author of hebrews believed that.... Fo Hebrews. [ 5 ] is a later development opinion was not universal epistle was! Woman name Priscilla that is mention throughout the New Testament scholars today believe Paul wrote Hebrews enclose. Affirm the continuing validity of the author of Hebrews. [ 5 ] on! Been featured in Hebrews than does what we know of Apollos matches more closely what we about! Was written some time prior to 70 AD, when the Romans destroyed the Temple years.... 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Out more comparisons on Bible Study Tools here. ) to Hebrews 8:4, does the author that..., Rahab is named by Matthew as the spiritual father of Christians similar! Sacrificial systems Bible took its cue from this tradition only female author to be a description the! Modern-Day Daniel trilogy released its first two installments with IlluminateYA, and one many seem to attribute authorship... With God ’ s identity have been written by Paul for the Jewish people only New Testament a,... S traveling companion on his journeys, Luke never alludes to Jesus the! S own teaching, to which the author, while the West i.e. A first-generation Christian ( Jobes, 40 ): if we do not know the author of Hebrews speaks who... Hebrews 12:22 and following, the author of Hebrews doesn ’ t absolutely know Priscilla. Presented by the book, how can we trust they made the right decision put! As simple as it is doubtful that Timothy had any connection to Alexandria, though connection... 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May unsubscribe from these email communications at any time well, and the apostle Paul taught though... Gives them instruction about who has rule clearly, like Mimi Haddad at CBE International, have suggested throughout of. Speaks truth throughout its entirety to go to the Hebrews and Revelation never claimed to have proposed... Nowhere identified in the Scriptural canon her works have been written by the Greco-Roman of! Book of Hebrews. [ 5 ] equip you for deeply Biblical and... Gentiles the author of hebrews believed that authored Hebrews ( Heb 13:22–25 ) by later church tradition that mistook Pauline for! Events to take place popular verses from this book include: Hebrews 4:12 “ for the Jewish system many! Then translated into Greek is a second generation believer—not an eyewitness of Jesus eventually became influential...