They controlled the system of patronage throughout They were easily dispersed by government volunteers under the command of Sir Allan Napier MacNab. The second Rebellion in Lower Canada soon followed. (See: The Early American Republic and the 1837–38 Canadian Rebellions.) Mackenzie was a Scottish-born politician and newspaper publisher. Without it, however, the Upper Canadian revolt probably would not In, Buckner, Phillip A. , "Rebellion in Upper Canada". The meeting created the Committee of Vigilance and signed a declaration urging every community to send delegates to a congress in Toronto and discuss remedies for their concerns. In the aftermath of the 1837-1838 rebellion in Upper Canada, the government was faced with over 800 political prisoners. [72] A group of rebels escaped their prison at Fort Henry and travelled to the United States. Upon receiving Rolph's message Lount marched a group of rebels into Toronto for December 4. for service during the rebellions. [7] Lacking the minimum capital needed to found the bank, the corporate leaders persuaded the government to subscribe for a quarter of its shares. Enoch and his brothers comprised one of the most active Loyalist families to join the rebels. [62], The government forces also split into two companies when the rebels fired upon them. [50] Rolph and Robert Baldwin met the rebel troops at Gallows Hill and stated the government's proposal of full amnesty to the rebels if they dispersed immediately. [20] Reformers such as Mackenzie and Samuel Lount lost their seats in the Legislature and they alleged that the election was fraudulent. The rebellions of 1837-1838 in Upper and Lower Canada constitute one of the most important episodes of this history. Upper and Lower Canada & The Rebellions of 1837. [44] Mackenzie took both men prisoner but did not search them for weapons as they gave their word that they did not have any. Protestant groups. the United States. Reform movement. Many of the grievances which underlay the Rebellion involved the provisions of the Constitutional Act of 1791, which had created Upper Canada's political framework. The Compact was an elite clique of officials and businessmen who ran the colony, largely through a system of patronage. Hundreds of other Reformers fled the country to escape punishment. [78], 1837 populist rebellion against the government of Upper Canada, Francis Bond Head and the elections of 1836, Collapse of the international financial system, Consequences: execution or transportation, sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSewell2002 (, sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFDent1885 (, Report on the Affairs of British North America, Archibald Macdonald (Canadian politician), "Closing the Last Chapter of the Atlantic Revolution: The 1837–38 Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada", Lambton, John George, 1st Earl of Durham, in the, "William Lyon Mackenzie: the persistent hero", "MHS Transactions: Rebellion in Upper Canada, 1837", "Closing the Last Chapter of the Atlantic Revolution: The 1837-38 Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada,", "The story of the Upper Canadian rebellion, Proceedings of the Legislative Council of Upper Canada on the bill sent up from the House of Assembly, entitled, An act to amend the jury laws of this province, The Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada: A collection of documents, Canadian state trials – Rebellion and invasion in the Canadas, 1837–1839, World Wars and Interwar Years (1914–1945), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Canada_Rebellion&oldid=997754061, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles with dead external links from February 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "Rebellion in Upper Canada, 1837" by J. Edgar Rea, Dunning, Tom. Battles . In 1837 and 1838 Upper and Lower Canada led rebellions against the Crown and the political status quo. They controlled the system of patronagethroughout the colony and used political office and influence to further their own business interests. Upper Canada, later known as Canada West then Ontario in 1867, was originally organized in Districts. the Durham Report. Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada in 1837. Bond Head then refused to pass any legislation from that government session including major public works projects. They wanted democratic reform and an end to the rule of a privileged oligarchy. [17] The movement was disappointed when Bond Head made it clear he had no intention of consulting the Executive Council in the daily operations of the administration. William Lyon Mackenzie (1795-1861) was a Canadian rebel who led the failed 1837 rebellion in Upper Canada (now Ontario).A puritan with a mission to bring democracy to Canada, and a tireless journalist, he dominated the political opposition to the hated pro-British Tories. The rebels’ loss of the Anne ended their However, the mainstream historical view is that the uprising had limited support and was largely an accident. ... the abuses and evil that such un-natural forms of government unleashed in the early decades of the 19th century which led up to the rise of the rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada in 1837-38 under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie and Louis Joseph Papineau. Sir Francis Bond Head, the Lt. Gov. Historians have debated the consequences of the rebellion in Upper Canada. Two countries that fought in the war of 1812. Lount and Mackenzie asked that this offer be presented in a written document and a convention be organised to discuss the province's policies. The rebels refused to march until daylight. Lord Gosford (1835–38). Five hundred men gathered under the leadership of Charles Duncombe. After the War of 1812, there was growing discontent in Upper Canada with the elite clique of politicians and officials known as the Family Compact. These policies favoured recent emigrants from Britain and the Church of England and its supporters over Rockford, IL – “ Enoch was elected Captain of the rebels at Malahide, Ontario during the Rebellions of 1837. Causes of 1837 rebellion. The disapproval of this was strongest among the so-called late Loyalists and their descendants. Quebec. It is estimated that there were between 400 and 500 rebels who assembled under Duncombe.[66]. The Executive Council resigned, provoking widespread discontent and an election in 1834. It recommended that the Canadas be united into one colony. When hearing about this change, Mackenzie quickly tried to send a messenger to Lount to tell him not to arrive until December 7 but was unable to reach Lount in time. He proclaimed a republic of Upper Canada. [38], A Tory supporter obtained a copy of Mackenzie's declaration and showed it to authorities in Toronto. They were the leading members of the administration: executive councillors, legislative councillors, senior officials and some members of the judiciary. [12] The Canadian Alliance Society was reborn as the Constitutional Reform Society in 1836, and led by the more moderate reformer, Dr William W. Baldwin. In the 1820s, settlers of American origin were also denied political rights, including the choice to swear allegiance to the Crown. Cross and R.L. Fitzgibbon was appointed commander of the government's forces. This is particularly true for the rebellion in Upper Canada. However, its leaders, including William Lyon Mackenzie, were equally serious in their demands. Leader of the Parti Canadien, an MLA [49] Meanwhile, Bond Head proposed a negotiating session with rebel leaders to Marshall Spring Bidwell, who declined. [47] The rebel leaders met that night to discuss who would become the rebellion's leader after the death of Anderson and Lount's refusal to lead on his own. In the meantime, filibusters from the United States, the Hunter Patriots , formed a small militia and attacked Windsor, Upper Canada , to support the Canadian Patriotes. In recounting the “myths of responsible government”, Romney emphasized that after the ascendancy of Loyalism as the dominant political ideology of Upper Canada any demand for democracy or for responsible government became a challenge to colonial sovereignty. Parliament also sent Lord Durham to become Governor-in-Chief of the British North American colonies,[70] so that Arthur reported to Durham. The Rebellions of 1837: Canada’s First and Last Revolt. The rebellions, and their more limited counterpart in Upper Canada in 1837, led directly to the appointment of Lord Durham and the Durham Report. He was a powerful public speaker who inspired his people. The more extreme elements in the Reform movement then began to mobilize under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie. December 05, 1837. The Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada | Colin Read, Ronald J. Stagg | download | Z-Library. The rebellions in both Upper and Lower Canada led directly to the appointment of Lord Durham and The Rebellion in Upper Canada was led by William Lyon Mackenzie, a Scottish-born newspaper publisher and politician who was a fierce critic of the Family Compact, an elite clique of officials and businessmen who dominated the running of the colony and its system of patronage. Find books Upper & Lower Canada faced many problems which led to The Rebellion of 1837. In pursuit of this democratic goal, the Chartists eventually staged a similar armed rebellion, the Newport Rising, in Wales in 1839. He was wounded in an ensuing battle and taken to the tavern, where he died several hours later in severe pain. The rebels continued their raids into Canada using the U.S. as a base of operations and, in cooperation with the U.S. Hunters' Lodges, dedicated themselves to the overthrow of British rule in Canada. [41], Rolph tried to warn Mackenzie about the warrant for his arrest but could not find him so delivered the message to Lount instead. It also carried significant amounts of cash and munitions. Instead, they decided to wait for Anthony Van Egmond to lead the rebellion into Toronto. For example, William Allan "was an executive councillor, a legislative councillor, President of the Toronto and Lake Huron Railroad, Governor of the British American Fire and Life Assurance Company and President of the Board of Trade. Relations between the appointed Legislative Council and the elected Legislative Assembly became increasingly strained in the years after the war, over issues of immigration, taxation, banking and land speculation. In 1837 revolts against Britain took place in Upper and Lower Canada. The rebellion and the raids also played into the hands of the ultra-Tory faction in Upper Canada. [36], Bond Head did not believe the reports that stated the severity of resources and discontent gathered by the rebels. In total, three men — two rebels and one loyalist — lost their lives. At this point only 200 men at Montgomery's Tavern were armed. [75] Dent wrote that the rebellion caused England to notice the concerns of Canadian reformers and reconsider their colonial rule of the province. The Upper Canada Rebellion was, along with the Patriotes Rebellion in Lower Canada, a rebellion against the colonial government in 1837 and 1838.Collectively they are also known as the Rebellion of 1837, while the Patriotes Rebellion is also called the Lower Canada Rebellion.. [56], On Wednesday morning Peter Matthews arrived at the tavern with sixty men, but Mackenzie could still not convince the rebel forces to march towards Toronto. His temperament and conviction led him to the point where he not only advocated armed rebellion against the colonial government but led it. [32] Mackenzie sought out support in rural communities but he also proclaimed that an armed rebellion would happen on December 7 and assigned Samuel Lount and Anthony Anderson as commanders. Another 141 prisoners from both Upper and Lower Canada would be sent to Australia. [71] Van Egmond died of an illness he acquired while imprisoned[72] while Lount and Peter Matthews were sentenced to the gallows for leading the rebellion. He was a radical reformer in Lower Canada who was the leader of the "Patriotes", who led the rebellion in Lower Canada in 1837-38. [57] His advice was rejected, so he proposed entrenching and defending their position at the tavern. [54], On Tuesday night MacNab arrived in Toronto with sixty men from the Hamilton area. The 1837 rebellion in Upper Canada was a less violent, more limited affair than the uprising earlier that year in Lower Canada. Lount and the riflemen marched to find the rebels who fled and found Mackenzie trying to convince the rebels to continue their path towards Toronto. The united Province of Canada came into being in 1841. Both rebellions were motivated by frustrations with political reform. [55] Morrison was arrested and charged with treason while Rolph sent a letter encouraging Mackenzie to send the rebels home then fled to the United States. [19] He appealed to the people's desire to maintain part of the British Empire and a paternalistic attitude of the Crown providing goods for the people. Upper Canada Rebellion William Lyon Mackenzie was a fiery and vocal critic of the Upper Canadian system in the 1820's and 30's. (Late Loyalists were American-born settlers who had migrated to Upper Canada prior to the War of 1812. [60], Anthony Van Egmond arrived at the tavern on December 7 and encouraged the rebel leaders to disperse, as he felt the rebellion would not be a success. was already moving towards gradual change through its appointment of more reform-minded governors: Sir James Kempt (1828–30), Lord Aylmer (1830–35) Marching down Yonge Street, his disorganized group of rebel soldiers was quickly dispersed, and Mackenzie fled to the United States. [28] Mackenzie gathered reformers at John Doel's brewery and proposed kidnapping Bond Head, bringing him to city hall and forcing him to let the Legislature choose the members of the Executive Council. In November 1837, James Fitzgibbon was concerned about soldiers leaving Upper Canada going to quell the Lower Canada Rebellion and urged Bond Head to keep some troops for protection, which was refused. However, by discrediting extremists on both sides of the political spectrum, the rebellion did help moderates rise to power. [57] The rebels raided a mail coach, stole the passenger's money and looked for information about the progress of the rebellion in London, Ontario. [5] Their administrative roles were intimately tied to their business activities. [48], At noon on December 5, Mackenzie gathered the rebels and marched them towards Toronto. [27], On October 9 1837, a messenger from the Patriotes informed Mackenzie that the rebellion in Lower Canada was going to begin. More than 880 people were jailed on suspicion of treason. [11] The Reformers won a majority in the elections held in 1834 for the Legislative Assembly of the 12th Parliament of Upper Canada but the Family Compact held the majority in the Legislative Council. [29] Reformers such as Thomas David Morrison opposed this plan and the meeting ended without consensus on what to do next. Britain and America. In retaliation Bond Head refused to sign any bills passed by the assembly, including public work projects. A large number of the settlers were of American origin. Government loyalists dispersed the rebels with a few shots, ending Mackenzie's erratic attempt to overthrow the colonial government. This rebellion was led by William Lyon Mackenzie, the first mayor of Toronto, who wanted the same things that they wanted in Lower Canada. uprising. [18], Unlike previous Lt. Governors, Bond Head actively supported Tory candidates and utilized Orange Order violence in order to ensure their election. Thus, responsible government became a "pragmatic" policy of alleviating local abuses, rather than a revolutionary anti-colonial moment. A second confrontation took place a few days later near Brantford. [43], A loyalist named Robert Moodie saw the large gathering at Montgomery's Tavern and rode towards Toronto to warn the officials. [42] The men gathered at Montgomery's Tavern but were disappointed at the lack of preparation and the failure of the Lower Canada rebels. (See also: Battle of Windmill.) [22], Among the more than 150 lawsuits they launched that year, the Bank of Upper Canada, sued Sheldon, Dutcher & Co., a foundry and Toronto's largest employer with over 80 employees in late 1836, bankrupting the company. [52] A group of twenty-six men led by Samuel Jarvis met the rebels on their march and fired upon them before running away. The rebels fled north and the morale of the rebellion was irreparably broken. The Rebellions of 1837–1838 (French: Les rébellions de 1837), were two armed uprisings that took place in Lower and Upper Canada in 1837 and 1838. [8] Despite repeated attempts, the elected Legislature – which had chartered the bank – could not obtain details on the bank's workings. On 8 December, a force of about 1,000 volunteers loyal to the government dispersed the remaining rebels at Montgomery’s Tavern. Many were non-conformist in their religious views and somewhat republican in their political leanings.) When news of the arrest of the Patriote leaders reached Upper Canada, William Lyon Mackenzie launched an armed rebellion in December 1837. Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map. Because of all the hardships that people went through they all spoke out … [64], News of the intended rebellion had reached London and the surrounding townships by December 7. This contributed to economic hardship and increased unemployment throughout the province. Buckner, P., Rebellion in Upper Canada (2019). Their revolt was smaller and less deadly. That afternoon a sentinel reported the government force's arrival from Gallows Hill. Britain [37] The mayor of Toronto refused to ring the City Hall bell if a rebellion began because he felt Fitzgibbon was causing unnecessary concern over a possible revolt. The rebels dispersed in a panic after the first round of firing thinking the rebel's front row had been killed when they were simply dropping to the ground to allow those behind them to fire. [44] Another horseman saw the rebel's march into Toronto and notified Fitzgibbon, who tried unsuccessfully to have officials take action. The rebels without arms were sent to the tavern with their prisoners. His report eventually led to greater autonomy in the Canadian colonies and the union of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada in 1840. This view holds that the rebellion was caused by the inexcusable partisanship of lieutenant-governor  It received a temporary surge in popularity as a result. The records in the 1837 Rebellion Losses of Upper Canada are organized in this document by District. The root cause of resentment in Upper Canada was against the corruption and injustice by local politicians. The Act of Union was They formed several fighting units — known as “Coloured Corps” — in Chatham, Rolph and Baldwin relayed the rejection to the rebels, and Rolph told Mackenzie that they should attack as soon as possible because the city was poorly defended. Mackenzie emigrated from Scotland to Canada in 1820 and became a general merchant. C Following the Rebellion in Upper Canada "The rebellion had failed. just upriver from the falls. Robert Baldwin. The United States attempted to capture Upper Canada, but … Some historians sympathize with the rebels and believe they represented the voice of the majority, or at least of the colonial working classes. In fact, they brought Britain and the US to the verge of war. Some were held for only a few days, while others were dealt with more harshly. In March 1837 the Tories passed a law making it cheaper to sue farmers by allowing city merchants to sue in the middle of harvest. If Bond refused, they would declare independence from the British Empire. Small businessmen and farmers against merchant elites who, as political leaders, are raising property taxes, tariffs and freight rates to raise money for canals. As part of this satire, he published a draft republican constitution for the State of Upper Canada that closely resembled the objectives in the constitution of the Canadian Alliance Society in 1834. This led to the introduction of what became known as responsible government. "The Canadian Rebellions of 1837 and 1838 as a Borderland War: A Retrospective,", Greenwood,F. More moderate leaders, such as Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine, reshaped the reform movement. Over 800 people were arrested after the rebellion for being Reform sympathisers. They obtained supplies from supporters in the United States, resulting in British reprisals (see Caroline affair). [58], The government organised a council of war and agreed to attack the rebels on December 7. Historians of past generations insisted that without the rebellions, change would have come more slowly, if at all. If the farmer refused to come to court in Toronto, they would automatically forfeit the case and their property subjected to a sheriff's sale. [68] Mackenzie, Duncombe, Rolph and 200 supporters fled to Navy Island in the Niagara River and declared themselves the Republic of Canada on December 13. and  This was something the British minority in Lower Canada, particularly the merchant class, had long demanded. The impact of the Upper Canadian insurgency is equally debatable. [73] Other rebels were also sentenced to hang and ninety-two men were sent to Van Diemen's Land. Some historians suggest that although they were not directly successful or large, the rebellions in 1837 should be viewed in the wider context of the late 18th and early 19th century Atlantic Revolutions including the American Revolutionary War in 1776, the French Revolution of 1789–99, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and the independence struggles of Spanish America (1810–1825). [74] Frederick Armstrong believed the rebellion was a reaction to patronage afforded to members of the Family Compact after winning the 1836 election. Radical politician William Lyon Mackenzie leads a rebellion against the colonial government of Upper Canada on December 5th, 1837. [59] At noon Bond Head ordered that the troops, consisting of 1200 men and two cannons, march towards the rebels. In 1837, however, Mackenzie was emboldened by the insurgency in Lower Canada and the transfer of all British troops there from Upper Canada. He also urged them to seize control of the government. The government of Upper Canada was run by wealthy landowners known as the Family Compact. The Rebellions of 1837 were two armed uprisings that took place in Lower and Upper Canada in 1837 and 1838. The more recent trend is to dismiss the rebellions as unnecessary. In December 1837, Upper Canadian radicals led by William Lyon Mackenzie, frustrated with political patronage and corruption, tried and failed to seize Toronto. During 1838, the rebels continued to send expeditions across the border. Onto the Upper Canada Rebellion, or as others call it, the Farmers’ Revolt. He left Hamilton, Ontario on December 12 and arrived in Brantford on December 13. With the support of Americans who wished to liberate Canada from British rule, Mackenzie took control of Navy Island in the Niagara River, William Lyon MacKenzie led those in Upper Canada, while Lower Canada had Louis-Joseph Papineau as their leader. The front rank of the rebel force returned fire and then dropped to the ground, to assume a safer firing position. There is continuing debate about who was responsible for the rebellion and the degree of popular support it enjoyed. The British government was concerned about the rebellion, especially in light of the strong popular support for the rebels in the United States and the Lower Canada Rebellion. Murray, and Barry Wright (2 vol 1996, 2002), This page was last edited on 2 January 2021, at 01:59. the colony and used political office and influence to further their own business interests. Fraser, “’The Waste that Lies Before Me’: The Public and the Private Worlds of Robert Baldwin,”. After the War of 1812, there was growing discontent in Upper Canada with the elite clique Durham's famous report led to a series of reforms and changes including the union of the two Canada's, as well as responsible government. Mackenzie ignored the letter and continued his plan for rebellion. Lower Canada. They mounted major raids at Pelee Island in Lake Erie in February, at Short Hills in June, at  Buckner, Phillip A. . He openly assisted the conservatives in winning the election of 1836. In 1837 revolts against Britain took place in Upper and Lower Canada. The Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada: Read, Colin, Stagg, Ronald J.: 9780886290269: Books - Amazon.ca It was felt hardest by the colony's farmers. The union was reorganized as the Canadian Alliance Society in 1835 and adopted much of the platform of the Owenite National Union of the Working Classes in London, England, that were to be integrated into the Chartist movement in England. Radical Reformers in Canada East (Lower Canada, 1841–67; now Quebec) were known as Patriotes. "Rebellion in Upper Canada". Only two of the original rebels, Samuel Lount and Peter Matthews, were executed by the Mackenzie also attacked other travellers and robbed them or questioned them about the revolt. Although many rebels, including Duncombe, had fled prior to the upcoming battle due to hearing about the failure of Mackenzie in Toronto and general disorganization, there were still some present in Scotland, Ontario and MacNab commenced his attack on Scotland on December 14, causing the remaining rebels to flee after only a few shots were fired. The 1837–1838 Rebellion in Lower Canada, Images from the McCord Museum's collections, accessdate 2006-12-10; To the Outskirts of Habitable Creation: Americans and Canadians Transported To Tasmania In The 1840s by Stuart D. Scott and Illustrated by Seth Colby. Hamilton, Sandwich (Windsor) and along the border in the Niagara region.). Originally he had hoped British rule would help the French. In 1812, war broke out between Great Britain and the United States, leading to several battles in Upper Canada. However, the remaining rebels thought their comrades John Neilson. As a member of the Legislative Assembly, Mackenzie printed the declaration in his newspaper and toured communities north of Toronto to encourage citizens to make similar declarations. [39] Government officials met at the Lieutenant Governor's residence on December 2 to discuss how to stop rumours of a rebellion. Many rebels fled to the United States, where they organized several raids against Upper Canada in 1838. Mackenzie saw the bank as a prop of the Government and demanded farmers withdraw the money they had deposited in the bank and public confidence in the bank decreased. Upper Canada. This rebellion was led by William Lyon Mackenzie, the first mayor of Toronto, who wanted the same things that they wanted in Lower Canada. However, he succeeded in helping to cause the rebellion. He persuaded his more radical followers to draft a republican constitution for Upper Canada modelled on that of the United States. Onto the Upper Canada Rebellion, or as others call it, the Farmers’ Revolt. [31] Rolph convinced Morrison to support the rebellion but they also told Mackenzie to get confirmation of support from rural communities. he first sought to pressure the government by organizing a network of political unions and a boycott of imported goods. Their objective was to engage a smaller force of armed government loyalists and militia. He was a fierce critic of the Family Compact and the government's refusal to give political rights to American settlers. Largely from the countryside north of Toronto, they represented a cross section of the farming community from which Mackenzie had always drawn most of his support. [9], The government of Upper Canada feared a growing interest in American-inspired republicanism in the province because of the increase in immigration of American settlers to the province. 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