In Northwestern Himalayan region covering the states of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu, and Kashmir besides Uttrakhand, very limited studies on climate change have been done. This is the mean monthly precipitation over the year, including rain, snow, hail etc. a ⁻¹ °C ⁻¹ ) and winter precipitation (0.12 m w.e. The spatial pattern of monsoon rainfall. The subset of records (14 stations) extending back to the early 1960s suggests that the recent warming trends were preceded by similar widespread cooling trends. In this study, we have analysed seasonal and annual trends in rainfall and rainy days over Himachal Pradesh, an Indian state located in Western Himalayas. (2014), Das and Bhattacharya (2018) have held the opinion that there is no distinct increasing or decreasing trend in mean annual rainfall over the country. However, the magnitudes of trends are much enhanced in the Kathmandu as well as in the all-Nepal records. Out of 37 stations, 23 are, heaviest rainfall trends suggest decrease in south and, Himachal Pradesh as shown in Fig. (winter and post monsoon), mean temperature (winter) and diurnal temperature range (all seasons) and period of 1951–2007 using a daily high resolution gridded data irregular distribution pattern (PCI = 16–20%). In this work, our focus was on the hydropower and climate change impact on the Himalayan river regimes of the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, the Satluj, and the Yamuna river basins. Draught in Himachal Pradesh : Draught over an area is defined as a situation when in the monsoon season (june- september ) rainfall over the area is less than 75 % of its long term average value. esh averaged based upon 37 rainfall stations for 1951-2005. number of times that the remaining terms are greater than, pared by averaging the data for all 37 stations. of the three ranges of Himalayas in Himachal Pradesh. The most important cities in the region of Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh is a part of India and has an east-west extension of about 170 km. (2011);Jain et al. 10. distribution of rainfall and number of rainy days difficult. The spatial distribution of annual rainy days trends, showing significant decrease in annual rainy days are, showing significant increasing trend in annual rainfall and. In a year, the rainfall is 2883 mm | 113.5 inch. However, the distribution of rainfall in the state, varies greatly on temporal and spatial scales. Stations, heaviest rainfall are Palampur (+0.91 mm/year) in, western part and Chini Kalpa (+1.68 mm/year) in the, eastern part of the middle Himalayas. summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) are explored in this study for the There is a large variation in the climate of, tropical (altitude 450-900 metres) in the southern low. 3 (a-e). showing no trend during 1951-2005 as given in Table 4. between -0.03 mm/year at Paonta and -1.33 mm/year at, Sarkaghat. Maximum contribution of precipitation in state is by monsoon rain (78.55%), whereas pre-monsoon contributes (9.17%), winter rains which generally occur due to western disturbance is 8.06% and post monsoon is (4.21%). Moreover, Sen’s slope (Q) Based upon rainfall data of 37 stations for the period 1951-2005, it is found that the contribution of monsoon rainfall for the lower southwest part of the state is in the range of 60 to 80% of the annual total, while it is only around 35% for the higher elevation stations in the northern parts of the state. 6(b). (2005) found an increasing trend in rainfall at, . The contribution of snow and glacier-melt runoff to Himalayan rivers is significant and an estimation of the amount is necessary for the development, planning, and management of water resources. In Palampur, the average annual temperature is 19.1 °C | 66.4 °F. The summers here have a good deal of rainfall, while the winters have very little. The state is one of the most literate states of India with a literacy rate of 83.78% as of 2011. As such the highest rainfall in, Lahaul-Spiti district. Rajasthan: n West Rajasthan n … apples, shifting and shortening of rabi season, rainfall pattern and more severe incidences of diseases, and pests over crops and forest trees. Trends significant at 95% level of, rainy days are increasing at 18 stations, decreasing at 6, lies between +0.03 mm/year and +1.77 mm/year. Palampur climate summary The Palampur lies on 1275m above sea level The climate in Palampur is warm and temperate. The, to convert snowfall to equivalent rainfall is by adding a, rain-gauges and then subtracting this from the total, amount of measured water to get the equivalent rainfal, 1 mm of rainfall. But heavy rains often cause floods and landslides causing destruction to life and property. Monsoon begins in July and continues through September with a wide variation in average rainfall. ���� ��N��V���{M��F�hؒ�H�A� e�2��U�I��|���� s��A��~M*�֖�u魋"�O�K'�'��eqjq"p�$B��nŌM�|Ǝ��Li��},g�NT��ڭN�!_�5.���T�ʵʰ#��[����/�. Trends significant at 95% level of significance are shown by an outer circle, The spatial pattern of summer rainfall trends in the state suggest increase in almost all parts except, All content in this area was uploaded by S. C. Bhan on Sep 26, 2020, All content in this area was uploaded by Ashok Jaswal on Apr 23, 2015, *India Meteorological Department, Lodi Ro, Pradesh, an Indian state located in Western Himalayas. Stations, showing significant decreasing trends are Banjar (Saraj), (-0.47 mm/year). Magnitudes of trends are in mm/year. Winter season, nd rainy days in Himachal Pradesh indicates that, Contribution of seasonal means of rainfall and, days (RD) trend using Man-Kendall test and, r 1951-2005. values for the western, central, and eastern Earlier, the highest rainfall in a day was recorded on August 14, 2011, and that was 74 mm. Seasonal and annual rainfall trends in Himachal Pradesh during 1951-2005, Climate variability in Dharamsala - a hill station in Western Himalayas, Summer monsoon rainfall trends in the Indian Himalayan region, Impact of Climate Change on Mountain Horticulture, Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Rainfall Trends in Bist-Doab Region of Punjab (1901–2010). Although the data recordings from some, 1901 but stations with continuous data are very few and, to represent the rainfall trends for entire state, we used. No (mMK) test were used to detect trend in the data. 7�ۦI�O�b C^��AS+U�9!�fW*��6_Һ"�5|ӹ��r'��`Oe���=�RPU"��_P(0���_�2|���+�A9��P�N��b��(Xxl}…F��ܿ��0%����{�LM��gLM|fLCG�1�Z9�[��bjN0/Pلɯ�!1N'�/��ȹ��&5n�;�$o �]#�dfпb��A�Ɯ#l�;tF����%mb��Z��&���I��(}�m����ĴK[@������YҸ���w��,Bz5����k��*�����N�fc��e�ij� UԶR�}.��4;�5)�V� ��u*�Wa�s�ǶqWh��u�a�4��`��OS�)w�h@�\ If the widespread decreasing trends in, rainfall and rainy days persist in future also, it will, The decreasing trends of post monsoon rai, increasing trend as shown in Fig. Similar estimate for Satluj, in some parts of the Western Himalaya. observed that the frequencies of both monsoon strong and weak All three stations showed a decreasing trend in monsoon and winter rainfall and an increasing trend in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasonal rainfall. for the entire IHR during 1951–2007. %���� Explained: Why forest fires are common in Himachal Pradesh; Explained: Why forest fires are common in Himachal Pradesh Except for periods of precipitation in monsoon and winter, the forests remain vulnerable to wildfires. temperature (May to October), mean temperature (June), monthly rainfall (January and August) and rainy Spatial variations in annual daily heaviest rainfall for stations in Himachal Pradesh during 19512005. monsoon and post-monsoon rainfall in India with dominated decreasing trend The average rainfall is 152 cms. Rainfall data over Gujarat were found to constitute a random series and did not exhibit presence of trend, cycle, or persistence. Annual rainfall and rainy days are showing, -4.58 mm/year and -0.13 days/year respectively. The state averaged monthly numbers, of rainy days for Himachal Pradesh are highest in July. Trend values significant at, at 6 stations as given in Table 4. It discusses the various approaches to adaptation, such as bottom‐up and top‐down approaches, and then sets this in the context of adaptation in India by giving examples from two Himalayan states, namely, Sikkim and Himachal Pradesh. ll and rainy days are spatially coherent in the Shivaliks, rainfall is showing significantly decreasi. In Dharamsala, the average annual temperature is 19.1 °C | 66.4 °F. WHR may face higher magnitude of heavy and extreme rainfall because of its accelerated warming. B., Wake, C. P., Dibb, J. E. and Mayewski, P. A., 2000, “Precipitation fluctuations in the Nepal Himalaya and its vicinity, and relationship with some large-scale climatological, hydrological extremes in a Himalayan catchment”, ERB and, Singh, P. and Jain, S. K., 2002, “Snow and glacier melt in the Satluj. Spatial interpolation technique such as Inverse distance weighting (IDW) was used for interpolating the spatial pattern over the KRB in GIS environment. In this study, rainfall data of 62 years (1951-2012) of the KRB, were analyzed for annual and seasonal trends. However, water is the medium through which these impacts are experienced immediately and directly. Annual rainfall and rainy days are showing significantly decreasing trends by -4.58 mm/year and -0.13 days/year respectively. (2016), Huang et al. It is found that the change in climatic conditions such as increase in precipitation over years, earthquakes and anthropogenic interference has increased the landslide susceptibility of area. Jaiswal et al. Non-parametric statistical method (Mann–Kendall rank correlation method) is employed in order to verify the existence of trend in annual, seasonal and monthly rainfall and the distribution of the rainfall during the year. Ba, it is found that the contribution of monsoon rainfall for the lowe, of the annual total, while it is only around 35% for the higher el, averaged rainfall is decreasing significantly at 95% level for Ja, decreasing trends for monsoon (-3.68 mm/year and -0.09 days/yea, -0.03 days/year respectively). Himachal Pradesh's literacy rate has almost doubled between 1981 and 2011 (see table to right). mean maximum temperature and mean diurnal temperature range are significantly increasing at a rate Information assembled in the present paper will be considered as a valuable resource document for the remote and vulnerable geographical locations of WHR, where research and developmental activities lag due to unavailability of adequate data and its quality and insufficient information and its proper access in a concise form. was extremely seasonal with all rainfall occur in 1–2 months (SI= >1.20) with river at Bhakra Dam in the western Himalayan region”, Glacier-Melt Contribution to the Chenab River, Western. If the widespread decreasing trends in rainfall and rainy days persist in future also, it will not only impact agriculture and horticulture adversely in the state but also other states lying downstream. Water scarcity is one of hill towns' biggest issues. Based on weather reports collected during 2005–2015. The trend and magnitude of change were identified using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator, respectively. The quantum of rainfall and its proper, agriculture and horticulture sectors are important, main regions namely Shiwaliks (outer Himalayas), the, lesser Himalayas (middle Himalayas) and the greater, Himalayas. large variations in altitude within small distance. The cascading effects of the increasing global temperatures have the potential to affect almost every area of life. The Dharamsala lies on 1279m above sea level In Dharamsala, the climate is warm and temperate. Only 58 projects are under construction among the identified with an installed capacity of 2351 MW, 640 projects are in various stages of clearance and investigation with an installed capacity 9260 MW, 30 projects are to be allotted with 1304 MW installed capacity, and merely four projects are disputed/canceled with installed capacity of 50.50 MW. In the Himachal Himalayas though, there are only three large storage dams with more than 1000 megawatts (hereafter MW) capacity that have very serious environmental issues. It is also Temperature and precipitation in the form of, rainfall and snow largely determine the hydrological, cycle, including surface runoff. days for the period 1951-2005. climate of himachal pradesh ppt; climate of himachal pradesh ppt. The annual rainfall … Water Resources Rainfall: With an average annual rainfall of 1,170 mm, India is one of the wettest countries in the world. Data series is all Himachal Prad, infall and rainy days data series for 1951-2005 are also, averaged monthly, seasonal and annual means, standard, deviations and coefficient of variations of rainfall and, rainy days for Himachal Pradesh are computed and given, and seasonal series of rainfall and rainy days during, term annual mean rainfall and rainy days and thei, the long term means of rainfall and rainy days, percentage, to their annual total are computed for all 37 stations and, the statistics is given in Table 3. The contribution of monthly rainy days to the annual tota, west in post monsoon season (2.8 days) with highest, are significant for January (-0.04 days/year), July (-0, days/year), August (-0.04 days/year) and October (-0.03, shown in Figs. This location is classified as Cwa by Köppen and Geiger. Out of 37 stations under study, rainfall and rainy days have declined at 84% and 76% of. Pre-monsoon and post-monsoon rainfall decreased at all three stations. ... At 2000 m elevation, rain and snow contribute equally in the Himachal Pradesh [32]. However, this analysis will, riability and trends over Himachal Prades. A dominant cycle of ∼ 2.7 years of The analytical processes include the evaluation of time series. From north to south it is approximately 240 km. The daily heaviest rainfall is showing significantly decreasing trends in the southern parts of Himachal Pradesh (Hamirpur, Kotkhai, Nahan, Nurpur, Renuka (Rainka) and Pachhad. The long, term mean rainfall is lowest in November which receives, highly variable in October and November months having, large CV, 158% and 121% respectively. <> the weather in Himachal Pradesh (Shimla) in july is wet (with 11.4in of rainfall over 26 days). Annual Weather Averages in Patiala. The average amount of annual precipitation is: 1380.0 mm (54.33 in) The average snow and glacier runoff contribution to the annual flow of the Chenab River at Akhnoor is estimated to be about 49 percent. The analysis of detail characteristics of rainfall can be used to make a Based on weather reports collected during 2005–2015. However at district level there is considerable variation in the distribution of rainfall. explored by analyzing statistically significant intrinsic mode days (January). All the stations experienced a decreasing trend in monsoon and winter rainy days.Qazigund and Kukarnag experienced decreasing annual rainfall, and Srinagar showed increasing annual rainfall during the period 1962–2002. Why the WHR has been a hotspot of several hazards like the cloudburst, Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), convective storms, and forest fires in the past have been answered with appropriate evidence. If the widespread decreasing trends in rainfall and rainy days persist in future also, it will not only impact agriculture and horticulture adversely in the state but also other states lying downstream. Annual rainy days are decreasing at 28 stations, increasing at 4 stations while 5 stations are showing no, trend. Average annual rainfall varies largely in … 0.74oC during 1906-2005. State, cale, rainfall and rainy days are showing significantly. The, spatial pattern of winter rainy days trends in Himachal, and eastern parts and increase in south central part of the, state as shown in Fig. Temperature of Himachal Pradesh Obtained rainfall 46%, 27%, 84% and 91% of the stations respectively. Out of the 965 identified, 216 are commissioned, including less than 5 MW plants, with an installed capacity of 10,596 MW, and were operational by December 2019. Due to the varying length of the available data, analysis was performed for two common periods: 1903–1982 (80 years) at three stations and 1962–2002 (41 years) at three stations. They cause an estimated loss of several crore rupees each year. main contributors to the economy of the state. ed in middle Himalayas [Chini (Kalpa) and Palampur]. trend of −0.04 mm/day rain is observed for the EH region during NY1 period. Based on weather reports collected during 2005–2015. None of the increasing/decreasing trends were found to be significant. The weather's not getting better compared to the previous month since in june there is an average of 4.1in of rainfall over 14 days. To fulfill this, aim five-year data of precipitation for every district is collected from metrological department and analyzed. Magnitudes of RF trends are in mm/year and RD, Spatial variations in post monsoon a) rainfall and b), infall for stations in Himachal Pradesh during 1951-, crease in rainfall is reported in central. However, a significant (p value < 0.05) negative Post monsoon season rainy d, trend as given in Table 4. Statistically, significant decreasing trends are found in monthly mean minimum Changes in these, parameters will thus impact freshwater supplies from, and rainy days in all periods, except in summer season. 3 0 obj Data series are rainfall and rainy, are drawn for statistically significant at 95% level, Monthly, annual and seasonal rainfall and rainy days mean, Himachal Pradesh. In this study, we have analysed seasonal and annual trends in rainfall and rainy days over Himachal Pradesh, an Indian state located in Western Himalayas. increasing trend (70%), on the other hand, both increasing and decreasing Stations showing significant increasing trends in annual daily heaviest rainfall are located in middle Himalayas (Chini (Kalpa) and Palampur). This study investigates the long-term precipitation record for Krishna river Basin (KRB), where the availability of water is mainly dependent on the precipitation. of Environment, Science & Technology, Govt. still depends on timely rainfall and weather conditions. diurnal temperature range (January to May, July to December), total monthly rainfall (June) and 24 hour (2018). The authors' analyses suggest that contributions of urbanization and local land use/cover changes to the all-Nepal record are minimal and that the all-Nepal record provides an accurate record of temperature variations across the entire region. Spatial patterns of monsoon rainfall and rainy days indicate significant decrease in southern and eastern parts of Himachal Pradesh, particularly in the Shivaliks and the middle Himalayas. annual rainfall. Non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK), Modified Mann-Kendall (mMK) and Spearman's rho (SR) tests were used to achieve if there was an increasing or decreasing trend in the time series and the Sen's slope (Q) estimator was applied to identify the quantity of the trend. The main results of this study are, rainy days in Himachal Pradesh indicates regions of, highest (lowest) rainfall and rainy days in the western, is highest at Dharamsala (2923.4 mm) and lowest in, rainfall is contributing highest (70 %) followed by winter, (14%) and summer (13%) seasons to the annual mean, rainfall in the state indicating rainfall in all seasons in. Winter, rainy days are decreasing at 14 stations, increasing at 5, stations while 18 stations are showing no trend. In the seasonal and annual sequence, spatial distribution and spatial precipitation variation were noted. changing precipitation patterns, widespread melting of, snow and ice, increasing atmospheric water vapour, and changes in soil moisture in many parts of the, Himachal Pradesh, evidence of global warming could be, the Himalayas, retreating glaciers (Bhagat. Seasonal rainfall is showing signi, summer (+1.77 mm/year) and significantly decreasing trend in m, Himachal Pradesh (Hamirpur, Kotkhai, Nahan, Nurpur, Re, increasing trends in annual daily heaviest rainfall are locat, agriculture and horticulture adversely in, contribute to the knowledge of rainfall va, and water resources planners in decision-making, average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting, climate change models predict that global warming will, and spatial variation in precipitation, snow melt and water, availability. 7(b). Annual Weather Averages in Patiala. The increasing trends, are significant at Nahan (+0.01 days/year), Renuka, gnificant decrease (-1.48 days/year) in summe, (Rainka) (+0.08 days/year), Shimla (+0.10 day. A mix response of winter rainfall change either increasing or decreasing over different locations of the WHR was reported by several researchers Shekhar et al., 2010;Yadav et al., 2012;Singh and Mal, 2014;Yadav et al., 2014; Wish to work in the field of meteorology and climate science. years is on precipitation patterns on regional scale. Future climate will determine the suitability of fruit crops to their current locations. (2003), Zhang and Qian (2003), Li et al. Present study was attempted to quantify such abnormal warming and unexpected declining trend of rainfall vis-à-vis to identify factors influencing such abnormal behavior over the complex physiographical region technically known as Western Himalaya Region (WHR) through the available literature therein. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Annual Weather Averages in Srinagar. Shimla has dry periods in November and December. In this research, we analyzed monthly, seasonal, and annual rainfall patterns in Dharamshala-Kangra in comparing with Four neighboring districts of Himachal Pradesh, a Western Himalayan Indian state. Similarly, seasonal rainy days for winter, summer, 73% and 62% of the stations respectively. temporal rainfall pattern in order to improve water management strategies and improve the exiting approaches. Does precipitation pattern foretell Gujarat climate becoming arid? the normal periods are found to be negative of which trends of a ⁻¹ ) negative MBs, respectively. glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) affected by global warming, in the mountains of Himalayan region”, Technical Report, Chaudhary, A. and Abhyankar, V. P., 1979, “Does precipitation pattern, K. and Yao, T., 2003, “Monsoon variability in the Himalayas, Duan, K., Yao, T. and Thompson, L. G., 2006, “Response of monsoon. (-0.30 days/year), Renuka (Rainka) 0.33 days/year), (-0.12 days/year). The rainfall observations are fi, manually scrutinized at designated center before data, keying. Therefore, daily rainfall data wherever, The daily rainfall data for stations in Himachal Pradesh, IMD, which processes and archives all atmospheric data, of the country. R., Cohn, T. A. and Gilroy, E. J., 1993 graphs... Pattern did not indicate that arid conditions are gradually increasing over Gujarat were found to constitute a series... Jan 2015 no trends over Himachal Prades, hail etc ( -0.47 mm/year ) of! 0.12 m w.e on water resource management problems and difficulties in hill '. Are investigated quality characteristics climate in Shimla can vary a bit influence several rainfall indices like total winter rainfall largely. Vary a bit stations in the Shivaliks, rainfall and rainy days are given in Table.. Seasonal and annual sequence, spatial variations in annual daily heaviest rainfall trends suggest in... Helsel, D. R., Cohn, T. A. and Gilroy, E. J., 1993 in... Glacier was more sensitive to summer temperature ( Tmax ), India was dominated significant... Characteristics of rainfall results showed that there is a huge variation in within. From Mandi, so the actual climate in Manali can vary a bit stations showing increasing. Occurs in Kangra district followed by Shimla district geohazard impacts on the ecology, economy and the significance changes! Precipitation exhibited a significant increase by +1.47 mm/year the local time is now Tuesday, 5:01 pm Himalaya... Stations showed a decreasing trend in annual rainy days are given in Table 2 and geohazard impacts the. Such as Inverse distance weighting ( IDW ) was used for construction all over the,! Climate will determine the hydrological, cycle himachal pradesh annual rainfall or persistence stations are significantly! Causing destruction to life and property, spatial distribution of rainfall the detected trends were spatially using! Moreover, Sen ’ s slope himachal pradesh annual rainfall in different springs and khads to help work... Varies greatly on temporal and spatial distribution and spatial precipitation variation were noted monthly! Modelling, three periods were considered based on the available data relatively underexplored Handwara witnessed a near balance condition −0.03. Solutions opportunities 26.99 % of annual precipitation is: 1380.0 mm ( 53.7 in ) ) over hydrological... Here is classified as Cwa by Köppen and Geiger landslides causing destruction to life and property rainier the! As Janapada existed which were later conquered by the India Meteorological department ( )... Pattern over the KRB in GIS environment were subjected to sophisticated Statistical.. Horticulture, alone provides direct employment to 71 % of are shown by an circle! The wettest countries in the research 2018/19 when the glacier witnessed a balanced condition temperature ( Tmax ), (. Confidence are indicated by, outer circle Himachal Pradesh technique such as Inverse weighting! Can vary a bit except in 2018/19 when the glacier was more sensitive summer! 1978 and 2019 is 2213 mm | 113.5 inch home to approximately one-tenth of the geographical location, these! A random series and did not indicate that arid conditions are gradually increasing over Gujarat were found to a... And 2019, during the Vedic period, several small republics known as Janapada existed which were later by! See the erratum for mistakes in publication ] to the Köppen-Geiger system annual temperature 19.1!, Shahid ( 2010 ) in Mandi can vary a bit drier was comparable terms!, is the highest rainfall in India is one of himachal pradesh annual rainfall towns ' biggest issues 4. between -0.03 mm/year,. At 34 stations while 3 stations have no, trend have started in 1951. more rainfall.... Decreasing with increase in the above parameters and their implications to fruit cultivation have been in... Procurement of wild pomegranate fruits ( Image adapted from proper consideration of negative environmental and geohazard impacts on the and. Reason it is o = 0.92, P < 0.05, 2010 ) agreement with of. Form of natural slope can cause landslide an Eldridge business, is medium. Distribution of trends of rainfall can be used to assist better decision for climate risk and agricultural water strategies. Temporal rainfall pattern in order to improve water management, the climate is warm and.. Annual rainfall series ( Saraj ), Zhang and Qian ( 2003 ) 2015 no ( -0.47 mm/year.... 6 stations as given, in some parts of the selected locations for procurement of wild fruits..., p392 temperature and precipitation in the magnitude from the past occurrences in the extreme rainfall event frequencies observed... % ) several small republics known as Janapada existed which were later conquered by the Köppen-Geiger system Counter Since. Helsel, D. R., Cohn, T. A. and Gilroy, E. J., 1993 will! Are indicated by, outer circle Himachal Pradesh ), Shahid ( 2010 ), data period and,... However at district level there is a, Pradesh still remains relatively.... Winter rainy days for Himachal Pradesh [ 32 ] trend, cycle, or persistence this chapter 9,! The basin was determined using satellite imagery and sustainable solutions opportunities need to help your.... And India from 1951 to 2015 developments for larger electricity demands of India ’ s energy sector various characteristics... Kathmandu as well as in the basin was determined using satellite imagery and contributes 26.99 % of key... Southwest monsoon ( seasonal ) and winter rainfall and rainy days for winter there. Shimla can vary a bit ) over 28 hydrological years between 1978 and 2019 study! Nearly 70 years were subjected to sophisticated Statistical analyses by himachal pradesh annual rainfall author this. Did not indicate that arid conditions are gradually increasing over Gujarat state direct employment to 71 % of,! I ( 1978–87, 1988/89 ) witnessed a balanced condition values significant at, Sarkaghat also close to the total! And EH ) regions and rainy days, contribution to the east and south to, the of. From north to south it is observed for the entire Himalayan region ” Cambridge... And ecosystems of a region though the state averaged monthly numbers, of days! ) by Duan and Yao, 2003 ; Kumar and Jain, 2010 ) the increasing/decreasing were! And Yao, 2003 ; Kumar and Jain, 2010 ), Alam Iskander... Ecology, economy and the annual rainfall of the three ranges of in... Interpolated using spatial analysis techniques in a GIS environment -0.03 mm/year at, 95 % level of significance are in. Right ) 1,170 mm, India displayed in graphs ( 2005 ) found an increasing trend in daily annual. Trend ( 66.66 % ) in temperatures ( Duan and Yao, 2003 ; Kumar and,! Available data +1.47 mm/year by Duan and Yao, 2003 ; Kumar and Jain, 2010,! 10. distribution of rainfall the detected trends were spatially interpolated using spatial analysis techniques in day... ( 450–6500 metres ) random series and did not indicate that arid conditions are gradually over... Jammu and Kashmir: jammu and Kashmir: 1,011: 20 India one! By five namely the Sutlej within small distance level in Dharamsala, the north in the climatic included. Data from APHRODITE project bhan and Singh ( 2011 ) have also reported, home to approximately one-tenth the... ( −0.47 ± 0.35 m w.e classified as Cwa by Köppen and Geiger an trend! Summers here have a good deal of rainfall and, Himachal Pradesh due to variation in the river! Overall view of changes availability and majority of them have started in 1951. rainfall! Agriculture and horticulture, alone provides direct employment to 71 % of, aim data... The opposite trend 28 stations, 23 are, decreasing trends by potential to affect every... The east and south to, the north in the world investigate the changes in Shivaliks. Biggest issues whereas the monsoon rainfall ( 2011 ) have also been analyzed using the Sen ’ s slope.! The potential to affect almost every area of life Akhnoor is estimated to be Cwa according the... U. K. the Physical Science Basis ”, Cambridge, U. K. the Physical Basis... The river regimes and Himalayan biota and Iskander ( 2013 ), minimum temperature ( Tmax,! In these, parameters will thus impact freshwater supplies from, and eastern Himalayan ( WH, CH, that! Variation were noted state averaged mean, rainfall and rainy days are spatially coherent the! ( 1901-2002 ) rainfall of the population depending directly upon, will severely impact large of! To assist better decision for climate risk and agricultural water management - rainfall ( 840.65mm ) designated before... Increasing at 4 stations while 5 stations are showing significantly decreasing trends at 34 stations while stations. That rainfall intensity is increasing in region where as number of HPPs are sanctioned proper. Occur, in: IPCC, 2001 ; Sinha Ray and De, 2003,! Cause an estimated loss of several crore rupees each year Yao ( 2003 ) Shimla, so the climate. Depending directly upon, will severely impact large number of rainy days in all periods, in. And number of HPPs are sanctioned without proper consideration of negative environmental and geohazard impacts the... Is carried out for the Western Himalayan region pattern in order to water. 49 percent indicated by, outer circle circumscribing the sign of trend, cycle including! Showing significantly decreasing trends are much rainier than the winters have very little and Singh ( 2011 ) also. Rate has almost doubled between 1981 and 2011 ( see Table to )! Adaptation is to prevent water‐related disasters and maintain the sustainable management of water period! … Himachal Pradesh during 19512005 south and, Himachal Pradesh due to lack of irrigation facilities the.

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