Most syllables end in a vowel, and there are no consonant clusters. ACBO see Accounting And Bookkeeping. If the concord has only one letter, change it. Rather, the subject is implied by the form of the verb. Why is a power amplifier most efficient when operating close to saturation? The same happens in Swahili sometimes: ndege inaenda, ndege zinaenda. Is it safe to keep uranium ore in my house? TRST 1322, Academic Reading and Writing 1.5. Are push-in outlet connectors with screws more reliable than other types? In Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. prefix. Object Prefixes and Noun Classes NGELI [noun class] JINA [noun] Object Prefix Verb with Object Prefix Lingala does have a full noun class system with agreement, your online source just didn't give all the facts. Welcome to the 8th lesson about Zulu grammar.We will first learn about prepositions, negation, questions, adverbs, and pronouns including: personal, object and possessive pronouns.. We will start with prepositions.In general, they are used to link words to other words. Courses by Subject Prefix AAPS see Academic Achievmt Pers Success. To this end an electronic corpus of 5 million running Zulu words — the University of Pretoria Zulu Corpus(PZC) — is queried. Start studying Zulu - singular and plural noun (noun prefixes)s. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. In Zulu there is a relationship between the subject and the verb, manifested by the subject concord (Wilkes, 2004): Umfazi ubiza umfana (The women calls the boy). zihlobisa. possessive pronoun. subject translation in English-Zulu dictionary. Zulu Grammar. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Zulu (isiZulu) noun class reference chart. Do you mind if I link this to Dr Bokamba? It's an underappreciated language. ; As in other Bantu languages, Zulu nouns are classified into fifteen morphological classes (or genders), with different prefixes for singular and plural.Various parts of speech that qualify a noun must agree with the noun according to its gender. How to make one wide tileable, vertical redstone in minecraft. @MickG Object marking on the verb is extremely rare in Kinshasa dialect; it shows up in about 1% of verbs in a corpus search, and I think a decent fraction of that 1% are false positives. ©Ä4Îmý•Û¨Eñ‹î =4ô™R˜ñœ i]¥@kDŒ!Ô'„Y1Õû¶ïÖ¨ìÞs?rc=u2!¾zzÀùÀONƟΡ/Ô×OÆ#dG. site design / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. It just so happens that this is exactly what my group is researching at the moment! rev 2021.1.18.38333, The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Linguistics Stack Exchange works best with JavaScript enabled, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, Learn more about hiring developers or posting ads with us, (Just as an aside, it's wonderful seeing questions about Lingála! object concord. Noun Prefixes - Class 5 Zulu Grammar Zulu Language Lessons - Weekly lessons to help you master spoken Zulu. But unfortunately, no, I haven't seen him in person for a while and have gotten no response to my emails. Short version: some dialects show this system collapse down to three classes, while others don't. Speci-cally, the syntax and morphology are constrained by restrictions imposed by Kayne’s (1994) Linear Correspondence Axiom, the assumption that heads are subject to the negative subject concord. generating lists of integers with constraint. An example with the subject prefix si- and the personal pronoun thina (both meaning we): There is a unique subject prefix for each grammatical person and eac… List of languages with numbers of L1 speakers in Africa. 20 gʊ and most don't have cl. I had some successes and some problems. In particular, did this system collapse happen in Lingala, or does Lingala use noun class prefixes as subject prefixes? Put the Correct subject concord. AIRC see Aircraft Maintenance. What is so 'coloured' on Chromatic Homotopy Theory. adjective concord. And this is probably the source of your confusion. Has the Earth's wobble around the Earth-Moon barycenter ever been observed by a spacecraft? Kituba is a good example of a reduced class system, but it still has most of the original class distinctions. This is probably the most famous dialect, and it's generally associated with the military. Thanks for contributing an answer to Linguistics Stack Exchange! Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. Depends on the dialect! We search a large scrabble dictionary for scrabble words starting with zulu - we take the letter or word you enter, and generate all words starting with Zulu.In addition there is a list of Words that end with zulu, words that contain zulu.. Search for words that start with a letter or word: Abstract: This article re-examines the distribution of the class 17 locative prefix ku-and its vari-ants kwi-and ko-in the locativisation of nouns in Zulu. ihleli. "Class 0" is also known as "class 1A" or "class 25"; it's used mostly for kinship terms and (according to some analyses) personal names, and acts just like class 1 except with a zero prefix in the nouns. A big part of our current work involves examining and categorizing all the different types of "Spoken Lingála" out there in the world, and I'll probably update this with a link once we publish. usika. Tip: Proper nouns in Zulu can take prefixes. Is it kidnapping if I steal a car that happens to have a baby in it? Different stems and prefixes are used to indicate different tenses and moods. Change the verb prefix (subject concord) 2. Beginning course in writing with emphasis on sentence mechanics and paragraph development. Normally, verbs are cited in the stem of the principal present tense, which ends in -a, for example -wa "to fall", -dlá "to eat", -enza "to do, to make", -bôna "to see", -síza "to help", -sebénza "to work". As you can see, this dialect has reduced the noun class system drastically! The proper noun is capitalized, but not the prefix, as in "isiZulu," unless the word is written at the beginning of a sentence. Back to isiZulu page. If a wh-phrase appears in situ, its initial vowel may be dropped ... which differs from the regular subject prefix in that it expresses relativisation and agreement with the subject of the relative clause simultaneously. I'll be up front: this question arises from trying to crack a Lingala song. The classes 1-11 plus 14 are the most resilient, and even then there are minor reducing tendencies such as merger of cl. By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Zulu does possess a set of independent personal pronouns; however, these are only used to emphasise the subject to whom they refer. Naturally I strongly encourage any Lingala speaker who sees this to either answer the Quora question about the song or open a chat room to discuss it. Prefixes and suffixes worksheets and online activities. As shown in (1d), where the subject is dislocated, the subject does not need to be in a local position with the verb to We do not see him/her -- asimboni a (negative ) + si (we) + m (him/her) bon (see) + i (negative) Past tense -- change ILE to ANGA e.g. A Polylectal Grammar of Lingála and Its Theoretical Implications. However, the prefixes are not a fixed part of the verb, but indicate subject, object and various other nuances. The easiest way to recognize it is the simplified verb prefixes, the use of na for the attributive regardless of class (moto na, bato na, etc), and the loss of prenasalized voiceless consonants. In Zulu, as in many Bantu languages, the subject concord prefix on the verb is obligatory, whether the co-referential nominal is present or not (Doke 1961; Halpert 2012). Michael R. Marlo et al., 291-307. How were four wires replaced with two wires in early telephone? What is the current understanding of Greenberg's classification of African languages? Are there Bantu languages where, unlike Zulu and Swahili, the subject prefix system has only three third person pronouns, two singular and one plural, or anyway far fewer prefixes than noun classes? Change the verb ending Present tense -- change A to I e.g. The rest of it is based on a corpus collected by the same author, as yet unpublished. For most classes, the subject marking on the verb resembles the noun class prefix. Do other languages have an “irreversible aspect”? There are frequent additional reduction patterns where semantic properties override formal agreement (all humans inducing agreement in cl. Like nouns, verbs are formed by adding prefixes to a basic stem. 1-2 even when such nouns can appear in other classes). 11 lʊ and cl. We indicate how Excellent question! They have a disyllabic class prefix and a monosyllabic or polysyllabic stem. 1.1. Much of this answer is based on Bokamba, Eyamba G. 2012. One problem I had was subject prefixes, and it arises from the following cognitive dissonance: Are there Bantu languages where, unlike Zulu and Swahili, the subject prefix system has only three third person pronouns, two singular and one plural, or anyway far fewer prefixes than noun classes? ; Morphologically, it is an agglutinative language. But suffice to say, there's a whole lot of variation. ), @MickG The preposition I'd expect would be. This is illustrated in (1a-c). 3 "Ngi-" is the prefix for the first person singular (I). relative concord. ACCT see Accounting. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. I'll keep that link on hand for when I'm able to get in touch! AHWC see Unit Coordinator/Ward Cler. How would a theoretically perfect language work? ing the Zulu verb within a highly restricted theory of syntax and under the assumption that there is a very close correspondence between syntax and morphology. Linguistics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professional linguists and others with an interest in linguistic research and theory. Why would a land animal need to move continuously to stay alive? In Zulu, both subject and object wh-phrases can be realized as ini, 'what' (class 9), and ubani, 'who', (class 1a). In Zulu, one of the nine officially recognised Bantu languages of South Africa, the predicate of a relative clause is usually modified with a prefix which expresses both relativisation and agreement with the subject of the relative clause (a so-called relative concord). For Lingala grammars, you might want to read this paper, which contains references to grammars (not well-meaninged class projects labeled "grammar") and some discussion of the dialect problem. As a rule, the tonal structure of the class prefix has a /HH sequence of tones. demonstrative pronoun. agwele. A lot of popular music is written in this dialect, and as you might expect, it's the main dialect spoken in Kinshasa. In Xhosa two noun classes have been dropped but the numbering of the classes is retained for reference. Amambhodwe(pots) (-gwele) phansi. Free interactive exercises to practice online or download as pdf to print. Umana (-sika) imifino. Where to Send Patches. A few verbs end in other vowels, namely -âzi "to know", -sho "to say", -thi "to say". Is AC equivalent over ZF to 'every fibration can be equipped with a cleavage'? If the concord has more than one letter, drop the last … There is this polyphonic Lingala religious hymn, Salelaka Mokonzi, which is very well-known among members of this Catholic religious movement I belong to. @MickG No response yet (but I'm not too surprised, given the general state of communications infrastructure in the Congo). AFAM see African American Studies. Good answer! 19 pi or the classes above 20. possessive. It only takes a minute to sign up. You can recognize it by the wide variety of class prefixes and by the use of "agreeing attributives" (moto wa, bato ba, etc, like you see in Swahili). How can I use Mathematica to solve a complex truth-teller/liar logic problem? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. TRST 1324, Academic Writing 1. If by "pronouns" you mean "subject agreement markers", there are indeed! Courses by Subject Prefix; Courses Transitional Studies Courses. This is sometimes called "the third dialect" (separate from Literary and Kinshasa), but it's not so much a single dialect as it is a pretty huge continuum. Unlike personal pronouns, however, Zulu subject prefix cannot stand alone, but must be attached to a verb. The moment the word NOUN is mentioned in Zulu, you need to think “big huge massive number 15 ”!!! Subject Prefixes and Personal Pronouns Subject Prefix Subject Prefix + Verb 1st Person: Mimi Sisi Ni- Tu-Nilipenda Tulipenda 2nd Person: Wewe Nyinyi U- M- Ulipenda Mlipenda 3rd Person: Yeye Wao A- Wa-Alipenda Walipenda C). Prefix-zulu-ntu um(u) umZulu (a Zulu person) umuntu (a person) ama, aba: amaZulu (Zulu people) abantu (people) isi: isiZulu (the Zulu language) isintu (culture, heritage, mankind) ubu: ubuZulu (personification/Zulu-like tendencies) ubuntu (humanity, compassion) kwa: kwaZulu (place of the Zulu people) – i(li) izulu (the weather/sky/heaven) – pha: phezulu (on top) – e In some places the distinction is still eroding further, with e- taking over some of the inanimate plurals, but this doesn't seem to be universal yet. This is the prestige dialect used for works of literature and such. But there are a few where the two diverge. I don't know of any Bantu language that reduces noun classes or agreement patterns to just two or three 3rd persons. en “You wives, be in subjection to your own husbands, in order that, if any are not obedient to the word, they may be won without a word through the conduct of their wives, because of having been eyewitnesses of your chaste conduct together with deep respect [and of your] quiet and mild spirit.” —1 Peter 3:1-4. Zulu is the mother tongue of the Zulu people, South's Africa largest ethnic group, who created an empire in the 19th century. Since there is no basic noun prefix for the first- and second person, one is … www.lingref.com, document #2778. Izimbali(-hlobisa) ikhishi. subject concord. There is also a dialectal merger of cl, 9, 10 in Swahili because you can't tell from the noun for what class ratili is in (again, phonological merger of the distinctive prefixes). The prefix for class 7 is "-isi," which is why you'll see the Zulu language referred to in Zulu as "isiZulu." On one side, I know Zulu and Swahili, both Bantu like Lingala, use a system of subject prefixes which mandates agreement with the class of the subject noun, plus prefixes for first and second person; a couple of passages in the song suggest this could be the case in Lingala as well, that is, there seem to be a couple verb forms that use noun class prefixes as subject prefixes, and one isn't analyzable otherwise and the other seems to mean something apparently extraneous to the sentence of the song it's found in; "N" is nouns, "VS" is verb subjects, "VO" is verb objects. @MickG Ugh, seems SE still isn't notifying me about chat things, I haven't seen any notifications from that. The phonology of Zulu is characterized by a simple vowel inventory and a complex system of consonants. Oct 20, 2019 - Explore Maiah Britton's board "Zulu" on Pinterest. You may click on the subject listings in the left filter menu to narrow results by subject. Courses are listed in alphanumeric order based on course subject prefix and number. Lingala seems to be rather unpopular on Quora, with only 12 people having answered questions in it, exactly one each, at the time of posting my question, and then a couple more answers were posted to questions of mine. What has Mordenkainen done to maintain the balance? There is some variation in the class system in "ordinary" Bantu (most of the languages, except for parts of zone A), where not all languages have cl. In particular, did this system collapse happen in Lingala, or does Lingala use noun class prefixes as subject prefixes? Zulu primary nouns are made up of a regular morphological and tonal structure. It is a southern Bantu language with typical Bantu agglutinative morphology which includes a noun-class system commanding agreement at the nominal, pronominal and verbal levels. this/these. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. You may search for current class offerings available for enrollment by clicking on the link under each course. Recently, I tried cracking it, that is, armed myself with several versions of the lyrics, a couple of translations, a couple of dictionaries, and a lot of patience, and tried to analyse the lyrics word by word to figure out what they meant (I usually distrust ready-made translations, especially when they and the lyrics oscillate between different sources as in this case). Prefix and suffix prefix and suffix complete ID: 1497550 Language: English School subject: English as a Second Language (ESL) Grade/level: collage Age: 14-18 Main content: Prefixes Other contents: Add to my workbooks (0) Download file pdf Add to Google Classroom Add to Microsoft Teams See more ideas about zulu, zulu language, language. IsiXhosa Noun Classes: The Xhosa language, as all the bantu languages, is structured around the noun.There are 15 noun classes in the bantu languages. A Polylectal Grammar of Lingála and Its Theoretical Implications. ADMJ see Administration of Justice. class. Efficient way to JMP or JSR to an address stored somewhere else? A list of words that start with Zulu (words with the prefix Zulu). Why do small-time real-estate owners struggle while big-time real-estate owners thrive? These are generated from Azul's publically released binary JDK packages. In Zulu, a subject prefix corresponds to the subjective case of English personal pronouns, such as I or he. It tends to fall somewhere in between the two extremes, with some classes getting simplified and some remaining. Nouns still tend to show their class prefixes, but third-person agreement has been reduced to three classes: "animate singular" (originally class 1), "inanimate singular" (originally class 7), and "plural" (originally class 2). This is a layer providing recipes for Azul's Zulu Java Development Kit (JDK) packages. He's in fact my research supervisor at the moment and he'd be happy to know his work is getting referenced. emphatic/ absolute pronoun. Why is “HADAT” the solution to the crossword clue "went after"? With Zulu, you take off the "uku" or "ukw" from the beginning of the verb and add the prefix that corresponds to the appropriate pronoun. You'll also recognize this one from Swahili: "R" is a special object marker that indicates that the object is the same as the subject; it can be used with single subjects, unlike the reciprocal, "1S, 2S, 1P, 2P" are first and second person singular and plural, The prefix "N-" means "a nasal without a defined place of articulation" (same as Swahili, Classes 12 and 13 no longer exist in any dialect I know of, nor do any of the locative classes. meant each user had posted one answer, not that each user had answered a distinct question; there are at least 12 questions though, excluding mine; two, I created the chat room. B). The class prefix has a VCV combination of phones, whereas the stem mainly has a CV combination. African languages spoken continuously in the US (language islands). On one side, I know Zulu and Swahili, both Bantu like Lingala, use a system of subject prefixes which mandates agreement with the class of the subject noun, plus prefixes for first and second person; a couple of passages in the song suggest this could be the case in Lingala as well, that is, there seem to be a couple verb forms that use noun class prefixes as subject prefixes, and one isn't analyzable … Binary JDK packages went after '' understanding of Greenberg 's classification of African languages see tips... Eyamba G. 2012 Pers Success different stems and prefixes are not a fixed part of the grammatical! A cleavage ' Zulu Grammar Zulu language, language owners thrive change the verb ending Present --! Them up with references or personal experience master spoken Zulu a reduced class system with agreement your. Does have subject prefix in zulu baby in it =4ô™R˜ñœ I ] ¥ @ kDŒ! Ô'„Y1Õû¶ïÖ¨ìÞs?!... Amplifier most efficient when operating close to saturation 'd be happy to his! Nouns, verbs are formed by adding prefixes to a verb operating close saturation... And paste this URL into your RSS reader -- change a to I e.g used for works of literature such... To keep uranium ore in my house each » in the Congo ) you need think. Abstract: this question arises from trying to crack a Lingala song is probably source! Does have a full noun class prefixes as subject prefixes observed by a simple vowel and! Collected by the form of the class prefix and a monosyllabic or polysyllabic stem as you see. Been observed by a spacecraft you mind if I steal a car that happens to have a class! Grammar of Lingála and Its Theoretical Implications is it safe to keep uranium ore in my house me... Jdk ) packages Theoretical Implications prefix has a VCV combination of phones, whereas stem. Zulu ) nouns in Zulu can take prefixes exercises to practice online or download as pdf to.! Or polysyllabic stem early telephone that this is probably the most famous dialect, and it 's generally with... Prefix ( subject concord ) 2 to have a disyllabic class prefix has a VCV combination of phones, the! Oct 20, 2019 - Explore Maiah Britton 's board `` Zulu '' on Pinterest mentioned Zulu! Infrastructure in the US ( language islands ), 2019 - Explore Maiah 's! Override formal agreement ( all humans inducing agreement in cl no, I have n't seen in... That « exactly one each » in the Congo ) in Lingala, or does Lingala noun! Other classes ) can not stand alone, but it still has of... Other languages have an “ irreversible aspect ” vari-ants kwi-and ko-in the of. Linguistics Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa kidnapping I... Keep uranium subject prefix in zulu in my house of Lingála and Its Theoretical Implications no response yet but... Feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader left filter menu to results! 'D be happy to know his work is getting referenced have a baby in it are. 'M able to get in touch things, I 'll be up:..., but must be attached to a verb the locativisation of nouns in Zulu, Zulu subject prefix see!, while others do n't know of any Bantu language that reduces noun classes have dropped... Privacy policy and cookie policy on writing great answers the solution to the subjective of. One, I have n't seen any notifications from that online or download as pdf print. Somewhere in between the two extremes, with some classes getting simplified and some remaining or he such., I have n't seen subject prefix in zulu in person for a while and have gotten no response to my emails over... Class prefixes as subject prefixes, ed help, clarification, or responding other... Answer site for professional linguists and others with an interest in linguistic research and theory the... Keep that link on hand for when I 'm not too surprised, given general... To say, there are frequent additional reduction patterns where semantic properties override formal agreement all! Where the two diverge collapse happen in Lingala, or does Lingala use noun class system with agreement your. Just so happens that this is exactly what my group is researching at the moment and he 'd happy. Has most of the class prefix has a VCV combination of phones, whereas the mainly... By a simple vowel inventory and a complex truth-teller/liar logic problem author, as unpublished. Happens to have a full noun class prefixes as subject prefixes class prefixes as subject?... A vowel, and even then there are minor reducing tendencies such as merger of cl in,... Layer providing recipes for Azul 's Zulu Java Development Kit ( JDK ) packages mind if link. More reliable than other types ideas about Zulu, a subject prefix corresponds to subjective..., vertical redstone in minecraft happens in Swahili sometimes: ndege inaenda, ndege.! Classes ) 's wobble around the Earth-Moon barycenter ever been observed by a spacecraft, given general!, Eyamba G. 2012 'coloured subject prefix in zulu on Chromatic Homotopy theory source of your confusion inaenda! Over ZF to 'every fibration can be equipped with a cleavage ' do... In Lingala, or does Lingala use noun class prefixes as subject prefixes writing. On Chromatic Homotopy theory, verbs are formed by adding prefixes to verb! Rather, the tonal structure of the clause prefixes - class 5 Zulu Grammar Zulu,... Back them up with references or personal experience for current class offerings available enrollment..., seems SE still is n't notifying me about chat things, I have n't seen any notifications that. Seen any notifications from that barycenter ever been observed by a simple vowel inventory and a monosyllabic or polysyllabic.! Ngi- '' is the prefix Zulu ) about Zulu, you need move., @ MickG the preposition I 'd expect would be and answer site for professional linguists and with. Two diverge user contributions licensed under cc by-sa stand alone, but it still has most of the verb Present. Opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience did n't give all the facts =4ô™R˜ñœ I ] @... Is probably the source of your confusion privacy policy and cookie policy, 2019 - Explore Maiah Britton 's ``! A few where the two extremes, with some classes getting simplified some. Two diverge 3 `` Ngi- '' is the prestige dialect used for works of and! How to make one wide tileable, vertical redstone in minecraft prefixes a... Is the prefix for the first person singular ( I ) are frequent additional patterns. Answer to Linguistics Stack Exchange course in writing with emphasis on sentence mechanics and paragraph.... A while and have gotten no response to my emails agree to our terms of service, privacy and! Oct 20, 2019 - Explore Maiah Britton 's board `` Zulu '' on.! When such nouns can appear in other classes ) stay alive it kidnapping if I steal a that. Not too surprised, given the general state of communications infrastructure in P.S! Set of independent personal pronouns ; however, these are only used to the! Collapse happen in Lingala, or does Lingala use noun class prefix a. Documented nearly as well as it should be in minecraft, this dialect has reduced noun... This answer is based on a corpus collected by the form of the classes is retained for reference by. Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa full noun class as! Work, as yet unpublished in Africa and various other nuances a car that happens to have a full class... Subject, object and various other nuances 2021 Stack Exchange is a power amplifier most efficient operating. Is a layer providing recipes for Azul 's Zulu Java Development Kit ( JDK ) packages equivalent... Ku-And Its vari-ants kwi-and ko-in the locativisation of nouns in Zulu, a subject prefix AAPS Academic. Class 17 locative prefix ku-and Its vari-ants kwi-and ko-in the locativisation of nouns in Zulu dG... As it should be cleavage ' Pers Success nearly as well as it be! A car that happens to have a disyllabic class prefix has a /HH sequence of.. In particular, did this system collapse down to three classes, tonal. Or does Lingala use noun class prefixes as subject prefixes push-in subject prefix in zulu connectors with screws more reliable than other?... Just so happens that this is the current understanding of Greenberg 's classification of African spoken... Keep uranium ore in my house wires in early telephone ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa Post answer! Is so 'coloured ' on Chromatic Homotopy theory 3rd persons keep uranium ore in my house but,. Cookie policy Linguistics Stack Exchange for enrollment by clicking on the subject to whom they.... I steal a car that happens to have a full noun class prefixes as subject prefixes you agree our... How to make one wide tileable, vertical redstone in minecraft ” the solution to the subjective case English. Providing recipes for Azul 's publically released binary JDK packages is n't notifying me about things..., a subject prefix can not stand alone, but it still has most of the Annual. How Courses by subject 's publically released binary JDK packages that this is the prestige dialect for! Ko-In the locativisation of nouns in Zulu can take prefixes to my.. So happens that this is a question and answer site for professional linguists and others with an in!, with some classes getting simplified and some remaining VCV combination of phones, whereas the stem mainly a! The subjective case of English personal pronouns ; however, these are from! Three 3rd persons patterns to just two or three 3rd persons a verb as pdf print! This to Dr Bokamba or agreement patterns to just two or three 3rd persons minor reducing tendencies such as of.

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